Malembo atatu a SNP amapezeka paliponse pofufuza za majini a anthu.Mosasamala kanthu za kafukufuku wa matenda a anthu, kuyika kwa chikhalidwe cha mbewu, kusintha kwa zinyama ndi chilengedwe cha maselo, ma SNP amafunikira monga maziko.Komabe, ngati mulibe chidziwitso chozama cha chibadwa chamakono chozikidwa pa kutsatizana kwakukulu, ndikuyang'anizana ndi zilembo zitatuzi, zikuwoneka "mlendo wodziwika bwino", ndiye kuti simungathe kuchita kafukufuku wotsatira.Chifukwa chake tisanayambe kafukufuku wotsatira, tiyeni tiwone chomwe SNP ndi.

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism), titha kuwona kuchokera ku dzina lake lonse la Chingerezi, limatanthawuza kusinthika kwa nucleotide imodzi kapena polymorphism.Ilinso ndi dzina losiyana, lotchedwa SNV (single nucleotide variation).M'maphunziro ena aumunthu, okhawo omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kuposa 1% amatchedwa SNPs, koma momveka bwino, awiriwa akhoza kusakanikirana.Kotero tikhoza kunena kuti SNP, nucleotide polymorphism imodzi, imatanthawuza kusintha komwe nucleotide imodzi mu genome imalowetsedwa ndi nucleotide ina.Mwachitsanzo, mu chithunzi pansipa, AT base pair imasinthidwa ndi GC base pair, yomwe ndi malo a SNP.

Chithunzi

Komabe, kaya ndi "nucleotide polymorphism imodzi" kapena "kusiyana kwa nucleotide imodzi", ndizofanana, choncho deta ya SNP imafunikira ma genome resequencing monga maziko, ndiko kuti, deta yotsatizana imatsatiridwa pambuyo poti matupi a munthu atsatiridwa.Poyerekeza ndi genome, malo omwe amasiyana ndi genome amadziwika ngati malo a SNP.

Pankhani ya SNPs pamasamba,zida za Plant Direct PCRangagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira msanga.

Pankhani ya masinthidwe amitundu, SNP imaphatikizapo kusintha ndi kusintha.Kusintha kumatanthauza kusintha kwa purines ndi purines kapena pyrimidines ndi pyrimidines.Kutembenuzidwa kumatanthauza kusinthana pakati pa purines ndi pyrimidines.Kuchuluka kwa zochitika kudzakhala kosiyana, ndipo mwayi wa kusintha udzakhala wapamwamba kuposa wa kutembenuka.

Ponena za komwe SNP imapezeka, ma SNP osiyanasiyana adzakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa genome.SNPs zomwe zimachitika m'chigawo cha intergenic, ndiko kuti, dera lapakati pa majini pa genome, silingakhudze ntchito ya genome, ndipo kusintha kwa intron kapena kumtunda kwa chigawo cholimbikitsa jini kungakhale ndi zotsatira zina pa jini;Kusintha komwe kumachitika m'magawo a exon a majini, kutengera ngati amayambitsa kusintha kwa ma amino acid omwe amasungidwa, amakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa ntchito za jini.(Zoonadi, ngakhale ma SNP awiri angayambitse kusiyana kwa amino acid, amakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa kapangidwe ka mapuloteni, ndipo pamapeto pake zotsatira za biological phenotype zingakhale zosiyana kwambiri).

Komabe, chiwerengero cha SNPs chomwe chimapezeka pa malo a jini nthawi zambiri chimakhala chochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi malo omwe si a jini, chifukwa SNP yomwe imakhudza ntchito ya jini nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa moyo wa munthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu amene amanyamula SNP iyi mu gulu Pakati pawo adachotsedwa.

Zoonadi, kwa zamoyo za diploid, ma chromosome amakhala awiriawiri, koma ndizosatheka kuti ma chromosome akhale ofanana ndendende pa maziko aliwonse.Chifukwa chake, ma SNP ena adzawonekanso ngati heterozygous, ndiye kuti, pali zoyambira ziwiri pamalowa pa chromosome.Pagulu, ma SNP genotypes a anthu osiyanasiyana amasonkhanitsidwa palimodzi, zomwe zimakhala maziko a kusanthula kotsatira.Kuphatikizana ndi makhalidwe, zikhoza kuweruzidwa ngati SNP monga chizindikiro cha molekyulu ikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe, QTL (quantitative trait locus) ya khalidweli ikhoza kuweruzidwa, ndi GWAS (genome-wide association study) kapena kupanga mapu amtundu wa chibadwa;SNP itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholembera cha maselo Yeruzani ubale wachisinthiko pakati pa anthu;mutha kuyang'ana magwiridwe antchito a SNP ndikuphunzira masinthidwe okhudzana ndi matenda;mungagwiritse ntchito kusintha kwafupipafupi kwa SNP allele kapena ma heterozygous ndi zizindikiro zina kuti mudziwe madera osankhidwa pa genome ... ndi zina zotero, kuphatikizapo zomwe zilipo Ndi chitukuko cha kutsatizana kwapamwamba, mazana a zikwi kapena malo ambiri a SNP angapezeke kuchokera ku seti ya deta yotsatizana.Zinganenedwe kuti SNP tsopano yakhala maziko a kafukufuku wamtundu wa anthu.

Zoonadi, kusintha kwa maziko a ma genome si nthawi zonse m'malo mwa maziko amodzi ndi ena (ngakhale izi ndizofala kwambiri).Ndizothekanso kuti maziko amodzi kapena ochepa akusowa, kapena maziko awiri.Maziko ena angapo adayikidwa pakati.Izi zazing'ono zoyikapo ndi zochotsa zimatchedwa InDel (kulowetsa ndi kuchotsa), zomwe zimatanthawuza kuyika ndi kuchotsa zidutswa zazifupi (chimodzi kapena maziko angapo).InDel yomwe imapezeka pamalo a jini ingakhalenso ndi zotsatira pa ntchito ya jini, choncho nthawi zina InDel ingakhalenso ndi gawo lofunikira pa kafukufuku.Koma ponseponse, mawonekedwe a SNP monga mwala wapangodya wa chibadwa cha anthu akadali osagwedezeka.