Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kulowa m'thupi la munthu, kuyambitsa matenda komanso matenda opatsirana, kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi ndi omwe amavulaza kwambiri.

Matenda ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kudwala komanso kufa kwa anthu.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, kupezeka kwa mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kunasintha mankhwala amakono, kupatsa anthu “chida” cholimbana ndi matenda, komanso kupangitsa kuti opaleshoni, kuika ziwalo, ndi kuchiza khansa kutheke.Komabe, pali mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yomwe imayambitsa matenda opatsirana, kuphatikizapo mavairasi, mabakiteriya, bowa ndi tizilombo tina.Pofuna kukonza matenda ndi kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana, komanso kuteteza thanzi la anthu

Zaumoyo zimafunikira njira zoyezera zamankhwala zolondola komanso zofulumira.Ndiye kodi matekinoloje ozindikira ma microbiological ndi ati?

01 Njira yodziwira mwachikhalidwe

M'kati mwa chikhalidwe kudziwika tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ambiri a iwo ayenera kuthimbirira, chikhalidwe, ndi chizindikiritso kwachilengedwenso ikuchitika pa maziko awa, kotero kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo akhoza kuzindikirika, ndi kudziwika mtengo ndi mkulu.Njira zodziwira zachikhalidwe makamaka zimaphatikizapo smear microscopy, chikhalidwe cholekanitsa ndi biochemical reaction, ndi chikhalidwe cha cell cell.

1 Smear microscopy

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndipo zambiri sizikhala ndi mtundu komanso zowoneka bwino.Atatha kuwadetsa, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana kukula kwake, mawonekedwe, makonzedwe, ndi zina zambiri mothandizidwa ndi maikulosikopu.Kuyezetsa kwachindunji kodetsa tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso kumakhala kosavuta komanso kofulumira, ndipo kumagwirabe ntchito kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mitundu yapadera, monga matenda a gonococcal, Mycobacterium TB, matenda a spirochetal, ndi zina zotero.Njira yowunikira mwachindunji mafotomicroscopic ndi yachangu, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'ana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mawonekedwe apadera.Sichifuna zida zapadera ndi zida.Akadali njira yofunika kwambiri yodziwira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'ma laboratories oyambira.

2 Kupatukana chikhalidwe ndi biochemical reaction

Chikhalidwe cholekanitsa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamene pali mitundu yambiri ya mabakiteriya ndipo imodzi mwa izo iyenera kupatulidwa.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sputum, ndowe, magazi, madzi a m'thupi, ndi zina zotero., Ndipo sizingasinthidwe m'magulu, kotero kuti chithandizo chachipatala chapitirizabe kuchita kafukufuku pa izi, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zophunzitsira zodziwikiratu ndi zozindikiritsa kuti apititse patsogolo njira zophunzitsira zachikhalidwe ndikuwongolera kulondola kwa kuzindikira.

3 Chikhalidwe cha ma cell cell

Maselo a minofu makamaka amaphatikizapo chlamydia, mavairasi, ndi rickettsiae.Popeza mitundu ya maselo amtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi yosiyana, pambuyo poti minofu imachotsedwa ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, maselo amoyo ayenera kulimidwa ndi subculture.Nama tizilombo tizilombo ndi inoculated mu minofu maselo kulima kuchepetsa maselo pathological kusintha mmene ndingathere.Komanso, m`kati culturing minofu maselo, tizilombo tizilombo akhoza mwachindunji inoculated nyama tcheru, ndiyeno makhalidwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akhoza kuyesedwa malinga ndi kusintha kwa zimakhala ndi ziwalo za nyama.

02 Ukadaulo woyesera ma genetic

Ndi kuwongolera kosalekeza kwaukadaulo wa zamankhwala padziko lapansi, chitukuko ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wozindikira mamolekyulu, omwe amatha kuzindikira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, amathanso kupititsa patsogolo momwe magwiridwe antchito akunja amagwirira ntchito pozindikira zachikhalidwe, ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito majini apadera.

1 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Polymerase chain reaction (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zoyambira za oligonucleotide kuwongolera ndi kukulitsa kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka jini kuti iyesedwe mu kachidutswa kosadziwika mu vitro.Chifukwa PCR imatha kukulitsa jini kuti iyesedwe, ndiyoyenera kwambiri kuzindikira matenda oyamba ndi kachilomboka, koma ngati zoyambira sizili zachindunji, zitha kuyambitsa zolakwika.Ukadaulo wa PCR wakula mwachangu m'zaka zapitazi za 20, ndipo kudalirika kwake kwasintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pakukulitsa jini kupita kukupanga ma gene ndikusintha ndi kusanthula kwa majini.Njira iyi ndiyonso njira yayikulu yodziwira coronavirus yatsopano mu mliriwu.

Foregene apanga zida za RT-PCR potengera ukadaulo wa Direct PCR, kuti azindikire zamtundu wa 2, 3, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku UK, Brazil, South Africa, ndi India, mzere wa B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 mzere (ZA), B.1.617 mzere (IND) ndi P.1 mzere (BR), motsatira.

2 teknoloji ya gene chip

Ukadaulo wa gene chip umatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa microarray kulumikiza zidutswa za DNA zolimba kwambiri pamalo olimba monga ma nembanemba ndi magalasi agalasi mwanjira inayake kapena makonzedwe kudzera mwa ma robotiki othamanga kwambiri kapena kaphatikizidwe ka in-situ.Ndi ma probe a DNA olembedwa ndi isotopes kapena fluorescence, komanso mothandizidwa ndi mfundo ya kusakanizidwa kophatikizana, njira zambiri zofufuzira monga kufotokozera kwa majini ndi kuwunika zachitika.Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa gene chip pakuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumatha kufupikitsa nthawi yozindikira.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imatha kuzindikiranso ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalimbana ndi mankhwala, ndi mankhwala ati omwe sagonjetsedwa, ndi mankhwala omwe amakhudzidwa nawo, kuti apereke zizindikiro za mankhwala achipatala.Komabe, mtengo wopangira ukadaulo uwu ndi wokwera kwambiri, ndipo kukhudzidwa kwa kuzindikira kwa chip kuyenera kuwongoleredwa.Choncho, teknolojiyi ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito mu kafukufuku wa labotale ndipo siinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pazachipatala.

3 Nucleic acid hybridization technology

Nucleic acid hybridization ndi njira yomwe chingwe chimodzi cha nucleotide chokhala ndi ma nyukiliyati otsatizana amalumikizana m'maselo kuti apange heteroduplexes.Chomwe chimatsogolera ku hybridization ndi momwe amachitira pakati pa nucleic acid ndi ma probes kuti azindikire tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Pakalipano, njira zowunikiranso ma nucleic acid zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimaphatikizapo nucleic acid in situ hybridization ndi membrane blot hybridization.Nucleic acid in situ hybridization imatanthauza kusakanizidwa kwa nucleic acid m'maselo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi ma probes.Membrane blot hybridization imatanthawuza kuti pambuyo poti woyesayo alekanitsa nucleic acid ya cell ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amayeretsedwa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi chithandizo cholimba, kenako amasakanizidwa ndi kafukufuku wowerengera.Ukadaulo wosakanizidwa wa ma accounting uli ndi maubwino ogwiritsira ntchito mosavuta komanso mwachangu, ndipo ndi oyenera kukhudzidwa ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono.

03 Kuyesedwa kwa serological

Kuyesa kwa serological kumatha kuzindikira mwachangu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Mfundo yofunikira yaukadaulo woyesa serological ndikuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzera ma antigen odziwika ndi ma antibodies.Poyerekeza ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa ma cell achikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, njira zoyeserera za serological ndizosavuta.Njira zodziwira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuyesa kwa latex agglutination ndi ukadaulo wolumikizana ndi ma enzyme immunoassay.Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolumikizidwa ndi ma enzymes immunoassay kumatha kukulitsa chidwi komanso kutsimikizika kwa kuyesa kwa serological.Sizingangozindikira antigen pachiyeso choyesera, komanso kuzindikira gawo la antibody.

Mu Seputembala 2020, bungwe la Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) lidapereka malangizo oyezetsa serological kuti adziwe kuti ali ndi COVID-19.

04 Kuyeza kwa Immunological

Kuzindikira kwa Immunological kumatchedwanso ukadaulo wa immunomagnetic bead separation.Ukadaulo uwu ukhoza kulekanitsa mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda komanso osayambitsa matenda.Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi: kugwiritsa ntchito maginito maginito a mikanda kuti alekanitse antigen imodzi kapena mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Ma antigen amasonkhanitsidwa palimodzi, ndipo mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda amasiyanitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwiritsa ntchito thupi la antigen ndi maginito akunja.

Kuzindikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - kuzindikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda

Foregene "15 kupuma kwa mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda" akupangidwa.Chidacho chimatha kuzindikira mitundu 15 ya mabakiteriya owopsa mu sputum popanda kuyeretsa nucleic acid mu sputum.Pankhani yogwira ntchito bwino, imafupikitsa masiku atatu mpaka 5 mpaka maola 1.5.