Katswiri wina wa ku America, Eric S. Lander, atapereka lingaliro la single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ngati cholembera cha m'badwo wachitatu mu 1996, SNP yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza za chikhalidwe cha zachuma, kupanga mapu okhudzana ndi majini, ndi kufufuza kwa majini a anthu., Kuzindikira ndi kuneneratu za matenda, kuyezetsa kwamankhwala payekhapayekha, ndi magawo ena ofufuza zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala.Pankhani yoweta mbewu zandalama, kuzindikira kwa SNP kumatha kuzindikira kusankhidwa koyambirira kwa mikhalidwe yofunikira.Kusankhidwa kumeneku kumakhala ndi mikhalidwe yolondola kwambiri ndipo kumatha kupewa kusokoneza ma morphology ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, potero kufupikitsa kwambiri kuswana.Chifukwa chake, SNP imatenga gawo lalikulu pakufufuza koyambira.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) imatanthawuza chodabwitsa kuti pali kusiyana kwa nucleotide pa malo omwewo mu mndandanda wa DNA wa anthu a mitundu yofanana kapena yosiyana.Kuyika, kufufutidwa, kutembenuka ndi kutembenuka kwa maziko amodzi kungayambitse kusiyana kumeneku.M'mbuyomu, tanthauzo la SNP linali losiyana ndi la masinthidwe.Malo osinthika amafunikira kuti mafupipafupi a alleles mwa anthu azikhala oposa 1% kuti afotokozedwe ngati malo a SNP.Komabe, ndi kufalikira kwa malingaliro amakono a zamoyo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji, mafupipafupi a allele salinso chofunikira kuti achepetse tanthauzo la SNP.Malingana ndi deta yamtundu umodzi wa nucleotide yomwe ikuphatikizidwa mu Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP) database pansi pa National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), kuikapo / kuchotsedwa kwafupipafupi, kusiyana kwa microsatellite, ndi zina zotero.

Mu thupi la munthu, pafupipafupi SNP ndi 0.1%.Mwanjira ina, pali pafupifupi tsamba limodzi la SNP pamagulu 1000 oyambira.Ngakhale kuchulukirachulukira kumakhala kokulirapo, si malo onse a SNP omwe angakhale olembera okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe.Izi makamaka zokhudzana ndi malo omwe SNP imapezeka.

Mwachidziwitso, SNP ikhoza kuchitika paliponse mumayendedwe amtundu.Ma SNP omwe amapezeka m'dera la coding amatha kupanga masinthidwe ofanana ndi masinthidwe osagwirizana, ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa amino acid kapena kusasintha kusanachitike komanso pambuyo pake.Kusintha kwa amino acid nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti peptide itaya ntchito yake yoyambirira (missense mutation), komanso imatha kupangitsa kuti kumasulira kuthe (kusintha kwachabechabe).Ma SNP omwe amapezeka m'magawo osagwirizana ndi ma codec komanso zigawo za intergenic angakhudze kuphatikizika kwa mRNA, kusalemba zolemba za RNA, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zinthu zolembera ndi DNA.Ubale weniweni ukuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:

Mitundu ya SNP:

Njira zingapo zojambulira za SNP ndi kuyerekeza kwawo

Malinga ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana, njira zodziwika bwino za SNP zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

Kuyerekeza kwamagulu a njira zodziwira

Zindikirani: Zomwe zili patebulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri njira zodziwira za SNP, njira zina zodziwira monga kusakanizidwa kwa malo enieni (ASH), malo enieni oyambira (ASPE), single base extension (SBCE), malo enieni kudula (ASC), teknoloji ya jini chip, teknoloji ya misa spectrometry, etc.

Mtengo ndi nthawi ya kuyeretsedwa kwa ma nucleic acid m'njira zingapo zomwe zadziwika bwino za SNP sizingalephereke.Komabe, zida zofananira zochokera paukadaulo wachindunji wa PCR wa Foregene zimatha kuchita mwachindunji kukulitsa kwa PCR kapena qPCR pazitsanzo zosayeretsedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kusavuta kwambiri pakuzindikira kwa SNP.

Zogulitsa za Foregene zachindunji za PCR zimangotsala pang'ono kusiya njira zoyeretsera, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri nthawi ndi mtengo wofunikira pokonzekera ma tempuleti.Taq polymerase yapadera ili ndi kuthekera kokulirapo ndipo imatha kupirira zoletsa zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kumadera ovuta akukulitsa.Makhalidwewa amapereka chitsimikizo chaumisiri kuti apeze zokolola zamtengo wapatali.Foregene Direct PCR/qPCR kits kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsanzo, monga: minofu ya nyama (mchira wa makoswe, zebrafish, etc.), masamba a zomera, mbewu (kuphatikizapo polysaccharides ndi polyphenol zitsanzo), ndi zina zotero.